This condition by laterality interaction related to the presence of music when subjects tried to retrieve previously encoded words can be interpreted in the light of studies showing that the lateralization of PFC activity during retrieval depends on the availability of verbal codes, with left hemispheric involvement for verbally coded information and right hemispheric activation for nonverbally coded information [43]. Hence, in the present study, a multichannel (i.e., 48 measurement points) fNIRS system was used to monitor the whole PFC cortex during episodic encoding and retrieval. Each block consisted of three phases, namely, encoding, interference, and retrieval. Words in each block were displayed for 3 s per word, amounting to 45 s for the sequential presentation of 15 words. “I imagined myself drinking a glass of wine while playing the pool in a bar with a jazzy atmosphere”). Extending previous studies of verbal memory encoding and music [10, 11], the present work investigated music-related episodic encoding and retrieval processes using multichannel fNIRS to monitor cortical oxygenation changes over the lateral PFC during both episodic encoding and retrieval of verbal information. Concerning the retrieval phase, several studies on episodic memory retrieval have found a fronto-parieto-cerebellar network, in which several bilateral frontal regions seem to mediate processes that act in the output of episodic retrieval operations (see [22] for a review). This work was supported by the European Project EBRAMUS (European BRAin and MUSic) ITN Grant Agreement no. Unlike our previous studies, we did not find a main effect of lateralization during word encoding. A BOLD decrease is usually interpreted as a deactivation that reflects a focal suppression of neural activity [53, 54] and several explanations have been proposed to clarify such deactivation. In this perspective, the music-dependent prefrontal modulation observed opens new questions about the interpretation of such specific PFC decreased oxygenation pattern and the related facilitation. Paired -tests successively compared the most consistent chunks (>2-words) over the total of chunk ratios between the silence and music conditions. To determine the amount of activation during the encoding phase for the two conditions, data in each of the 6 experimental blocks was baseline corrected using the mean of the O2Hb and HHb signals during the last 5 s of the rest phase. In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.The PFC contains the Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA11, BA12, BA13, BA14, BA24, BA25, BA32, BA44, BA45, BA46, and BA47.. Mansouri FA, Acevedo N, Illipparampil R, Fehring DJ, Fitzgerald PB, Jaberzadeh S. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 22;7(1):18096. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18119-x. Our experiences with music ... in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). Aucouturier, M. Muthalib, E. Bigand, and A. Bugaiska, “Music improves verbal memory encoding while decreasing prefrontal cortex activity: an fNIRS study,”, L. Ferreri, E. Bigand, S. Perrey, M. Muthalib, P. Bard, and A. Bugaiska, “Less effort, better results: how does music act on prefrontal cortex in older adults during verbal encoding? After the 48 fNIRS probe-set had been fitted on the forehead overlying the PFC (see fNIRS section below for detailed description), the in-ear headphones inserted and the sound recorder placed, subjects were informed that they would be presented with different lists of words with two auditory backgrounds: music or silence. In the present study, we used a pleasant musical background with a positive emotional valence and medium arousal quality with the specific idea that music can constitute a helpful encoding context. 1972;11(6):671–684. In other words, music may affect the encoding state, not only by disengaging the PFC during specific interitem relational strategies (related to DLPFC activity), but also and more generally by affecting episodic prefrontal functions, namely, the capacity to select the relevant information to remember and strategically organize it for successful memory formation. But we especially like it when songs surprise us with smart, quirky changes. The results can therefore be discussed in the frame of an enriched context (see, e.g., [51, 52]) given by the presence of the music, in which many mechanisms (arousal-mood modulation, emotions, and reward) intervene to orchestrate the final music-related positive effect. Based on fNIRS studies on music, episodic encoding, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), this work aims to extend previous … and executive control of behavior. Music’s pitch, rhythm, meter and timbre are processed in many different parts of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex to the hippocampus to the parietal lobe. However, previous studies used judgment memory tasks, whereby subjects were presented with a copy of old items and had to retrieve and judge whether or not each item had been presented previously (item memory) and, if so, in which context (source memory). Nevertheless, the question of whether music as an encoding context can enhance episodic memory performance, especially concerning verbal material, remains debatable and controversial. 2019;23:17-177. doi: 10.7812/TPP/17-177. As shown by Figure 4, analysis on musical encoding and retrieval revealed lower O2Hb values in almost all channels. The results showed that music was associated with increased activation of the prefrontal cortex area. The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory: the role of the frontal lobes, the hippocampal formation, and other areas. 2005 Dec;1060:136-47. doi: 10.1196/annals.1360.010. Considering many authors claiming that music hampers encoding and leads to negative results, as well as the different positive behavioral outcomes, it remains important to discuss when and how music can help memory performance. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright Importantly, this explanation is supported by our behavioral results. -, Hamann S. Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x. Epub 2012 Jul 27. Channels template (a) and localization (b). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the encoding context of an event plays a crucial role in successful memory performance. Prefrontal Cortex: Summary and Conclusions. Behavioral results showed greater chunking of words under the music condition, suggesting the employment of associative strategies for items encoded with music. Schaeffer JD, Yennu AS, Gandy KC, Tian F, Liu H, Park H. J Neurosci Methods. This suggests that music-related memory processes rely on specific neural mechanisms and that music can positively influence both episodic encoding and retrieval of verbal information. 2014 Sep 30;235:308-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.011. Characterizing emotional response to music in the prefrontal cortex using near infrared spectroscopy Neurosci Lett. -, Salimpoor V. N., Van Den Bosch I., Kovacevic N., McIntosh A. R., Dagher A., Zatorre R. J. Interactions between the nucleus accumbens and auditory cortices predict music reward value. Music triggers various parts of the brain, making it an excellent therapeutic or mood-altering tool. In a series of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies, we previously showed that background music during the episodic encoding of verbal material can improve item and source memory performance and modulate prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity [10, 11]. The repeated-measures ANOVA on O2Hb delta-to-baseline values during the encoding phase showed a main effect of condition, with the whole PFC significantly less activated during encoding with music than with silence, , . None were taking medication known to affect the central nervous system. A condition laterality interaction was also found for O2Hb concentrations , , suggesting higher left and right hemisphere engagement, respectively, for silence and music condition. Some have compared its effects on the brain to aerobic exercise. More specifically, we postulated that background music, unlike silence, required less involvement of the DLPFC for organizational [17] and relational interitem processing [33] during verbal episodic encoding. Therefore, the observed fNIRS prefrontal pattern could reflect a higher activation in other brain regions. Craik and Lockhart [3] first proposed that the durability of the trace depends on the “depth” of encoding processing, deeper semantic processing allowing better encoding of the target information. The selected piece was chosen for its positive valence, medium arousal quality and for being rated as pleasant and unfamiliar. Poetic Science: Bidirectional Reflection in Science and Medicine. Music can be thought of as a complex stimulus able to enrich the encoding of an event thus boosting its subsequent retrieval. However, although we previously found that a musical background can boost item [10] and source [11] memory in recognition tasks, this was not the case for the free recall task, where no difference between music and silence was found in the number of correctly retrieved words. 2012 Sep 6;525(1):7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.009. output occur in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [8-10]. Participants were also asked to report if the music was familiar or not. Van Den Bosch, N. Kovacevic, A. R. McIntosh, A. Dagher, and R. J. Zatorre, “Interactions between the nucleus accumbens and auditory cortices predict music reward value,”, S. Eschrich, T. F. Münte, and E. O. Altenmüller, “Unforgettable film music: the role of emotion in episodic long-term memory for music,”, H. Platel, J.-C. Baron, B. Desgranges, F. Bernard, and F. Eustache, “Semantic and episodic memory of music are subserved by distinct neural networks,”, S. Bottiroli, A. Rosi, R. Russo, T. Vecchi, and E. Cavallini, “The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music,”, L. Ferreri, J.-J. To optimize signal-to-noise ratio during the fNIRS recording, the 48 optodes were masked from ambient light by a black plastic cap that was kept in contact with the scalp with elastic straps, and all cables were suspended from the ceiling to minimize movement artifacts [31] (Figure 2(b)). Science. Representative single-subject time-series analysis showing THb values expressed in micromoles for silence (black lines) and music (grey lines) conditions, in right (left side) and left (right side) PFC during the encoding, interference, “search for” (ret. Furthermore, a specific lateralization became evident at the retrieval “search for” phase, where we found a left and right lateralization for the silence and music condition, respectively. However, several findings suggest that music can also interfere with memory performance. Based on fNIRS studies on music, episodic encoding, and the However, a more thorough time-series analysis revealed a condition laterality interaction, suggesting higher left and right hemisphere engagement, respectively, for silence and music condition. First, existing fNIRS data are limited to the encoding phase, raising the question of which mechanisms are involved during episodic retrieval. The present multichannel fNIRS paradigm in part elucidated this question by investigating not only the DLPFC [10, 11], but also the entire PFC activity. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114. The evocative power of music is fascinating and undisputed: it can evoke both emotional states and personal events from the past [6]. Furthermore, in the light of the contrasting results in the literature, it is crucial to know whether the music facilitation reflected in decreased PFC activation is also found in the retrieval phase or whether by contrast it shows a more demanding pattern in line with the interference hypothesis. Ally, “Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer's disease,”, W. T. Wallace, “Memory for music: effect of melody on recall of text,”, L. Jäncke, E. Brügger, M. Brummer, S. Scherrer, and N. Alahmadi, “Verbal learning in the context of background music: no influence of vocals and instrumentals on verbal learning,”, L. Jäncke and P. Sandmann, “Music listening while you learn: no influence of background music on verbal learning,”, A. Racette and I. Peretz, “Learning lyrics: to sing or not to sing?”, R. S. Blumenfeld and C. Ranganath, “Prefrontal cortex and long-term memory encoding: an integrative review of findings from neuropsychology and neuroimaging,”, M. Matsui, K. Tanaka, M. Yonezawa, and M. Kurachi, “Activation of the prefrontal cortex during memory learning: near-infrared spectroscopy study,”, R. Ramasubbu, H. Singh, H. Zhu, and J. F. Dunn, “Methylphenidate-mediated reduction in prefrontal hemodynamic responses to working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study,”, D. Bor, J. Duncan, R. J. Wiseman, and A. M. Owen, “Encoding strategies dissociate prefrontal activity from working memory demand,”, S. C. Brown and F. I. Craik, “Encoding and retrieval of information,” in, R. Cabeza, F. Dolcos, R. Graham, and L. Nyberg, “Similarities and differences in the neural correlates of episodic memory retrieval and working memory,”, S. E. Prince, S. M. Daselaar, and R. Cabeza, “Neural correlates of relational memory: successful encoding and retrieval of semantic and perceptual associations,”, C. Ranganath, “Binding items and contexts: the cognitive neuroscience of episodic memory,”, B. All the participants were right-handed, nonmusicians, and native French-speakers and reported having normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing. 1), free recall (ret. Indeed, given its complexity as a stimulus that evolves through time and has a strong emotional impact [5], music is likely to enrich the encoding context of an event, thereby improving subsequent memory performance. Epub 2019 Aug 5. To extend our knowledge of music-related memory processes and contribute to the current debate, the present study used multichannel fNIRS to test lateral prefrontal activations during music-related encoding and retrieval (i.e., free recall). One of the main findings of this study is that activity decreased under the music condition as compared to the silence condition.
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